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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Oct 2003Anaplasmosis, a tick-borne cattle disease caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale, is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The disease causes... (Review)
Review
Anaplasmosis, a tick-borne cattle disease caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale, is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The disease causes considerable economic loss to both the dairy and beef industries worldwide. Analyses of 16S rRNA, groESL, and surface proteins have resulted in the recent reclassification of the order Rickettsiales. The genus Anaplasma, of which A. marginale is the type species, now also includes A. bovis, A. platys, and A. phagocytophilum, which were previously known as Ehrlichia bovis, E. platys, and the E. phagocytophila group (which causes human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), respectively. Live and killed vaccines have been used for control of anaplasmosis, and both types of vaccines have advantages and disadvantages. These vaccines have been effective in preventing clinical anaplasmosis in cattle but have not blocked A. marginale infection. Thus, persistently infected cattle serve as a reservoir of infective blood for both mechanical transmission and infection of ticks. Advances in biochemical, immunologic, and molecular technologies during the last decade have been applied to research of A. marginale and related organisms. The recent development of a cell culture system for A. marginale provides a potential source of antigen for the development of improved killed and live vaccines, and the availability of cell culture-derived antigen would eliminate the use of cattle in vaccine production. Increased knowledge of A. marginale antigen repertoires and an improved understanding of bovine cellular and humoral immune responses to A. marginale, combined with the new technologies, should contribute to the development of more effective vaccines for control and prevention of anaplasmosis.
Topics: Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Vaccines; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 14557295
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.16.4.698-712.2003 -
PloS One 2016The space-time pattern and environmental drivers (land cover, climate) of bovine anaplasmosis in the Midwestern state of Kansas was retrospectively evaluated using...
The space-time pattern and environmental drivers (land cover, climate) of bovine anaplasmosis in the Midwestern state of Kansas was retrospectively evaluated using Bayesian hierarchical spatio-temporal models and publicly available, remotely-sensed environmental covariate information. Cases of bovine anaplasmosis positively diagnosed at Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (n = 478) between years 2005-2013 were used to construct the models, which included random effects for space, time and space-time interaction effects with defined priors, and fixed-effect covariates selected a priori using an univariate screening procedure. The Bayesian posterior median and 95% credible intervals for the space-time interaction term in the best-fitting covariate model indicated a steady progression of bovine anaplasmosis over time and geographic area in the state. Posterior median estimates and 95% credible intervals derived for covariates in the final covariate model indicated land surface temperature (minimum), relative humidity and diurnal temperature range to be important risk factors for bovine anaplasmosis in the study. The model performance measured using the Area Under the Curve (AUC) value indicated a good performance for the covariate model (> 0.7). The relevance of climatological factors for bovine anaplasmosis is discussed.
Topics: Anaplasmosis; Animals; Bayes Theorem; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Climate; Environment; Humidity; Kansas; Models, Theoretical; Odds Ratio; Retrospective Studies; Temperature
PubMed: 27003596
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151924 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jun 1976
Topics: Anaplasmosis; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Deer; Disease Vectors; Female; Insect Vectors; Male; Pregnancy; United States
PubMed: 932259
DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84340-8 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) May 2023Ticks and tick-borne diseases affect livestock productivity and cause significant economic losses. Therefore, surveillance of these pathogens and vectors is paramount to...
Ticks and tick-borne diseases affect livestock productivity and cause significant economic losses. Therefore, surveillance of these pathogens and vectors is paramount to reducing these effects in livestock. This study aimed to identify and sensu lato in ticks collected from cattle. Molecular biology techniques were utilized to identify for both types of samples, i.e., ticks and bovine blood. Serology of cattle using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was conducted to determine antibodies to . s.l. from seven locations in Nuevo Leon, Mexico, between 2015 and 2017. From 404 bovines, 2880 ticks were collected: (2391 females and 395 males), spp. (51 females and 42 males) and (1 female). represented the largest specimens captured, with 96.7% within the seven study sites. PCR processed only 15% (442) of tick samples to identify . Field genera proportions were followed to select testing tick numbers. Results showed that 9.9% (44/442) of infected the pooled tick species, whereas the highest percent corresponded to 9.4% (38/404) in . Regarding the molecular analysis of blood samples, 214 of 337 (63.5%) were positive for . In each of the seven locations, at least one bovine sample tested positive for . s.l. was not found either in the ticks or serum samples. Two DNA nucleotide sequences obtained in this study were deposited in the GenBank with the following accession numbers OR050501 cattle, and OR050500 tick. Results of this work point to current distribution of bovine anaplasmosis in northern Mexico.
PubMed: 37375474
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060784 -
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia... 2014Direct diagnoses were made by using - blood smears and nested PCR (nPCR) tests on 309 blood samples from crossbred dairy cattle in the municipality of Ibicaraí, Bahia....
Direct diagnoses were made by using - blood smears and nested PCR (nPCR) tests on 309 blood samples from crossbred dairy cattle in the municipality of Ibicaraí, Bahia. From diagnostic blood smear slides, the observed parasitic frequencies were 31.1% for Anaplasma marginale and 20.4% for Babesia sp. From nPCR diagnoses, they were 63% for A. marginale, 34% for Babesia bigemina and 20.4% for Babesia bovis. There were significant differences (P <0.01) between the two diagnostic methods (nPCR and blood smear slides). The compliance obtained from the kappa test was 0.41 and 0.48 for A. marginale and Babesia sp., respectively. The tick samples from the six farms analyzed using nPCR were only positive for A. marginale. Evaluation of the risk factors relating to the presence of ticks and the age of the animals showed that there was a significant association (P <0.01) with the frequency of animals infected with both pathogens. Therefore, under the conditions studied, nPCR proved to be a good tool for diagnosing the agents of the bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis complex because of its sensitivity and specificity in comparison with blood smears. The municipality of Ibicaraí is an area with endemic prevalence of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis confirmed by nPCR and A. marginale is the main agent of the disease.
Topics: Anaplasmosis; Animals; Babesiosis; Brazil; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Male; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 25271452
DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014064 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Dec 2016The importance of tick-borne diseases is increasing all over the world, including Turkey. Global warming, environmental and ecological changes and the existence of... (Review)
Review
The importance of tick-borne diseases is increasing all over the world, including Turkey. Global warming, environmental and ecological changes and the existence of suitable habitats increase the impact of ticks and result in frequent emergence or re-emergence of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) with zoonotic characteristics. In Turkey, almost 19 TBDs have been reported in animals and men, involving four protozoa (babesiosis, theileriosis, cytauxzoonosis, hepatozoonosis), one filarial nematode (acanthocheilonemasis), ten bacterial agents (anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, aegyptianellosis, tick-borne typhus, Candidatus Rickettsia vini, Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne relapsing fever [TBRF], tularaemia, bartonellosis, and hemoplasmosis), and four viral infections (tick-borne encephalitis [TBE], Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever [CCHF], louping-ill [LI], and lumpy skin disease [LSD]). The growing number of TBD cases, in particular the fatal viral epidemics in humans, have led to increased public awareness and concern against TBDs in recent years. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a new political concept, called the "One Health" initiative, which is especially relevant for developing strategies against tick infestations and TBD control in humans and animals. It would be beneficial for Turkey to adopt this new strategy and establish specific research and control programs in coordination with international organizations like WHO, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) to combat TBDs based on the "One Health Initiative" concept. In this article, we review the occurrence of primary TBDs in man and animals in Turkey in light of the "One Health" perspective.
Topics: Animals; Babesiosis; Cattle; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; Ehrlichiosis; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne; Epidemics; Female; Global Health; Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean; Humans; Louping Ill; Lumpy Skin Disease; Male; Rickettsia Infections; Tick Infestations; Tick-Borne Diseases; Ticks; Turkey; United Nations; United States; World Health Organization; Zoonoses
PubMed: 27977689
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005021 -
Parasites & Vectors May 2015Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) affect the productivity of bovines in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, leading to a significant adverse impact on the... (Review)
Review
Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) affect the productivity of bovines in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, leading to a significant adverse impact on the livelihoods of resource-poor farming communities. Globally, four main TBDs, namely anaplasmosis, babesiosis, theileriosis, and cowdriosis (heartwater) affect bovines, and the former three are of major economic importance in bovines in Pakistan. Given that the livestock sector has become an integral part of Pakistan's economy and a large number of dairy cattle are being imported into the country, in order to meet an increasing demand of milk and milk products, it is timely to review current status of bovine TBDs in Pakistan and to identify gaps in the knowledge of TBDs and their control. Although there has been a recent increase in the number of studies of TBDs in this country, information on their prevalence, distribution, tick vectors, and control is limited. This article provides a brief background on key bovine TBDs and ticks and reviews the current status of bovine TBDs in Pakistan to identify gaps in knowledge and understanding of these diseases, propose areas for future research and draw attention to the need for improved tools for the diagnosis and control of TBDs in this country.
Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Buffaloes; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Pakistan; Tick-Borne Diseases
PubMed: 25994588
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0894-2 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Oct 2022Ehrlichia minasensis is a new pathogenic bacterial species that infects cattle, and Borrelia theileri causes bovine borreliosis. We detected E. minasensis and B....
Ehrlichia minasensis is a new pathogenic bacterial species that infects cattle, and Borrelia theileri causes bovine borreliosis. We detected E. minasensis and B. theileri DNA in cattle from southwestern Colombia by using PCR. E. minasensis and B. theileri should be considered potential etiologies of febrile syndrome in cattle from Colombia.
Topics: Animals; Borrelia Infections; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Colombia; DNA; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 36148977
DOI: 10.3201/eid2810.220657 -
Veterinary World Nov 2023Anaplasmosis, a tick-borne disease affecting livestock caused by the bacteria , poses a global concern. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, spatiotemporal...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Anaplasmosis, a tick-borne disease affecting livestock caused by the bacteria , poses a global concern. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, spatiotemporal variation, and associated risk factors of anaplasmosis in cattle from the Bannu and Lakki Marwat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study used 197 cattle exhibiting clinical symptoms of anaplasmosis in natural settings. Microscopic examination was used to estimate the prevalence. Potential risk factors, such as sampling regions and months, gender, breed, and age were studied.
RESULTS
The study revealed an overall anaplasmosis prevalence of 19.79%. Bannu district exhibited a higher occurrence at 22.10%, compared to Lakki Marwat district at 17.64%. Young cattle (<2 years) demonstrated a notably higher incidence of anaplasmosis (26.78%) compared to adults (>5 years), which had a prevalence of 12.35% (p < 0.05). Female cattle (22.36%) were more susceptible than male cattle (11.11%). Prevalence peaked in June (45.71%) and was lowest in February (3.57%). Crossbred cattle had a higher prevalence (23.52%) than purebred cattle (11.47%).
CONCLUSION
Anaplasmosis can be effectively controlled using a comprehensive approach encompassing selective breeding for resilience, targeted care of young calves and females, effective tick control during warmer months, consistent use of insecticides, and proactive risk factor management. Raising awareness among farmers through diverse channels, including media, is pivotal to bolster tick-borne disease management strategies.
PubMed: 38152261
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2287-2292 -
BioMed Research International 2016In order to understand the genetic diversity of A. marginale, several efforts have been made around the world. This rickettsia affects a significant number of ruminants,... (Review)
Review
In order to understand the genetic diversity of A. marginale, several efforts have been made around the world. This rickettsia affects a significant number of ruminants, causing bovine anaplasmosis, so the interest in its virulence and how it is transmitted have drawn interest not only from a molecular point of view but also, recently, some genomics research have been performed to elucidate genes and proteins with potential as antigens. Unfortunately, so far, we still do not have a recombinant anaplasmosis vaccine. In this review, we present a landscape of the multiple approaches carried out from the genomic perspective to generate valuable information that could be used in a holistic way to finally develop an anaplasmosis vaccine. These approaches include the analysis of the genetic diversity of A. marginale and how this affects control measures for the disease. Anaplasmosis vaccine development is also reviewed from the conventional vaccinomics to genome-base vaccinology approach based on proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics analyses reported. The use of these new omics approaches will undoubtedly reveal new targets of interest in the near future, comprising information of potential antigens and the immunogenic effect of A. marginale proteins.
Topics: Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial
PubMed: 27610385
DOI: 10.1155/2016/9032085